Global warfare in the eighteenth century began, not on the European continent or on the waters of the Atlantic or along the increasingly populated east coast of North America, but rather well to the west, over the Appalachian Mountains, in the Ohio River Valley.…
6.2 Expanding the Geography of Warfare
Still, there was no formal declaration of war. That didn’t happen until the late spring of 1756 when the French attacked British-occupied Minorca, in the Mediterranean Sea, off the east coast of Spain. Seeing the opening, Britain’s new Prussian ally, led by monarch Frederick…
6.3 Religious and Political Awakenings
The British were now king of the imperial hill in eastern North America. They had defeated the French militarily and struck them a blow from which they would never fully recover. They had defeated the Spanish, showing how vulnerable Spanish colonies had become both…
6.4 A New Reckoning
The potential for continued and costly wars with Indigenous people, so well illustrated by Pontiac’s War, caused George III to issue an order, called the Royal Proclamation of 1763, which forbade colonists to settle west of a line drawn from Canada to Georgia along…
6.5 Escalation of Protest
The colonial response to the Stamp Act in 1765 suggested that North American colonists and the British government had very different perspectives as to how power in the empire should be shared. Should colonists imagine themselves as partners in the British Empire? Or should…
6.6 Consolidating the Resistance
Unifying the response to parliamentary initiatives would take place quickly, though with a lot of push and pull. After all, the result of the Albany Congress and Plan of Union twenty years earlier seemed to demonstrate that none of the colonies were much interested…
6.7 Toward Declaring Independence
As promised, the Continental Congress gathered again in Philadelphia in early May 1775 for the Second Continental Congress, this time after fighting at Lexington and Concord had already broken out. But the delegates, most of whom had been at the First Continental Congress, were…
Active reading
After each section, name the central change, the people or institutions driving it, and the consequence the chapter emphasizes.
Answer each chapter objective in one sentence, in your own words. If you cannot, mark that section and return to it rather than guessing.
Track comparisons across sections: empire and locality, war and politics, freedom and coercion, and reform versus reaction. Use short anchor phrases from the source, not copied passages.